Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

v3.23.1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiaries, Legacy Shapeways, Shapeways BV and Linear. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of a normal recurring nature, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results and cash flows for the periods presented.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
Functional Currency
Functional Currency
The Euro is the functional currency for Shapeways BV’s operations outside the United States. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the end of each period. Income statement accounts are translated at the average exchange rate prevailing during the period. Translation adjustments arising from the use of differing exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity (deficit). Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in net loss for the period.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash includes cash on hand, demand deposits and highly liquid securities with original maturities at the date of acquisition of ninety days or less. The Company maintains its deposits at high quality financial institutions and monitors the credit ratings of those institutions. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. While cash held by financial institutions may at times exceed federally insured limits, the Company believes that no material credit or market risk exposure exists due to the high quality of the institution. Restricted cash represents cash required to be held as collateral for the Company’s credit cards and security deposit for its facility in the Netherlands. Accordingly, these balances contain restrictions as to their availability and usage and are classified as restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets.
Short-term Investments
Short-term Investments
The Company invests its excess cash in fixed income instruments including U.S. treasury securities with a maturity of six months or less. The Company has the means and intends to hold all investments to maturity, and as such are classified as held-to-maturity investments. Held-to-maturity investments are recorded at amortized cost and adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts.
Accounts Receivable Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are generally unsecured as they are uncollateralized. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce receivables to their estimated net realizable value. Judgement is exercised in establishing allowances and estimates are based on the customers’ payment history and liquidity. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and subsequently determined to be uncollectible are charged to bad debt expense included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Inventory InventoryInventory consists of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods at the Company’s distribution centers. Raw materials are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the first-in-first-out method. Finished goods and work in progress are valued using a methodology to determine the cost of each 3D printed object using allocations for material, labor, machine time and overhead. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow-moving, damaged and discontinued items and provides allowances to reduce such items identified to their recoverable amounts.
Property and Equipment, net
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred. Additions and improvements that extend the economic useful life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful lives of the assets. The cost and accumulated depreciation of assets sold or retired are removed from the respective accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in current earnings. No impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized and depreciated once placed into service. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method in amounts considered to be sufficient to allocate the cost of the assets to operations over the estimated useful lives or lease terms, as follows:
Asset Category Depreciable Life
Machinery and equipment
5 to 10 years
Computers and IT equipment
3 to 10 years
Furniture and fixtures
7 to 10 years
Vehicles
10 years
Leasehold improvements **
**Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset.
Long-Lived Assets, Including Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Long-Lived Assets, Including Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, which consist of technology, customer relationships, trademarks, favorable and unfavorable operating leases, and non-competition agreements are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is generally recorded on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from two to ten years. The Company periodically reviews the estimated useful lives of intangible assets and adjusts when events indicate that a shorter life is appropriate. In accordance with authoritative accounting guidance, capitalization of costs to develop software begins when preliminary development efforts are successful and completed. Costs related to the design or maintenance of internal-use software are expensed as incurred.
Long-lived assets, other than goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted future cash flows derived from such assets.
Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant changes in the Company’s forecasted projections for the asset or asset group for reasons including, but not limited to, significant underperformance of a product in relation to expectations, significant changes, or planned changes in the Company’s use of the assets, significant negative industry or economic trends, and new or competing products that enter the marketplace. The impairment test is based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the asset group. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds the related fair value of the asset with the related impairment charge recognized within the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Goodwill
Goodwill
Goodwill, which represents the excess of purchase prices over the fair value of net assets acquired, is carried at cost. Goodwill is not amortized; rather, it is subject to a periodic assessment for impairment by applying a fair value-based test. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis at a level of reporting referred to as the reporting unit, and more frequently if adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired.
Under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, the Company has the option to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the Company
determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the goodwill impairment test is performed. Impairment tests are performed on a quarterly basis. Management uses the future discounted cash flows valuation approach to determine the fair value of reporting units and determines whether the fair value of reporting units exceeded its carrying amounts. If the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then no impairment is recognized. If the carrying amount recorded exceeds the fair value calculated, then an impairment charge is recognized for the difference. The impairment review requires management to make judgments in determining various assumptions with respect to revenues, operating margins, growth rates and discount rates. The judgments made in determining the projected cash flows used to estimate the fair value can materially impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements
The Company applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), which establishes a framework for measuring fair value and clarifies the definition of fair value within that framework. ASC 820 defines fair value as an exit price, which is the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the Company’s principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy established in ASC 820 generally requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the entity’s own assumptions based on market data and the entity’s judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are to be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The valuation hierarchy is composed of three levels. The classification within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The levels within the valuation hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 - Assets and liabilities with unadjusted, quoted prices listed on active market exchanges. Inputs to the fair value measurement are observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Inputs to the fair value measurement are determined using prices for recently traded assets and liabilities with similar underlying terms, as well as direct or indirect observable inputs, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3 - Inputs to the fair value measurement are unobservable inputs, such as estimates, assumptions, and valuation techniques when little or no market data exists for the assets or liabilities.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is derived from two primary sources: (a) products and services and (b) software.
The Company recognizes revenue following the five-step model prescribed under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"): (i) identify contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the products or services it transfers to the customer. These contracts have different terms based on the scope, performance
obligations, and complexity of the project, which often requires the Company to make judgments and estimates in recognizing revenues.
Performance obligations are satisfied both at a point of time and over time. All revenue is recognized based on the satisfaction of the performance obligation to date (see Note 5).
Business Acquisitions
Business Acquisitions
The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired, including intangible assets, and liabilities assumed, based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. The excess of the cost of an acquired entity, net of the amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, is recognized as goodwill. The net assets and results of operations of an acquired entity are included on the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date (see Note 4).
Leases
Leases
The Company’s lease arrangements relate primarily to office and manufacturing space and equipment. The Company’s leases generally have initial terms ranging from 4 to 10 years and may include renewal options and rent escalation clauses. The Company is typically required to make fixed minimum rent payments relating to its right to use an underlying leased asset. Additionally, the Company’s leases do not contain significantly restrictive covenants or residual value guarantees.
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and classifies its leases at commencement. Operating leases are presented as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and the corresponding lease liabilities are included in operating lease liabilities, current and operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not currently maintain any finance lease arrangements. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation for lease payments in exchange for the ability to use the asset for the duration of the lease term. The Company does not recognize short term leases that have a term of twelve months or less as ROU assets or lease liabilities. The Company’s short-term leases are not material and do not have a material impact on its ROU assets or lease liabilities.
ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date and determined using the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing since the Company’s leases do not include an implicit interest rate. The estimated incremental borrowing rate considers market data, actual lease economic environment, and actual lease term at commencement date. The lease term may include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. ROU assets include lease payments made in advance, and excludes any incentives received or initial direct costs incurred. The Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has lease agreements which contain both lease and non-lease components, which it has elected to account for as a single lease component. As such, minimum lease payments include fixed payments for non-lease components within a lease agreement, but exclude variable lease payments not dependent on an index or rate, such as common area maintenance, operating expenses, utilities, or other costs that are subject to fluctuation from period to period.
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all stock options, restricted stock units and other arrangements within the scope of ASC 718, Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"). Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the date of grant, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized using the straight-line method over the employee’s requisite service period. Compensation for stock-based awards with vesting conditions other than service are recognized based on the probability of the performance condition being met over the vesting period. Forfeitures are recognized as they are incurred.
Public and Private Common Stock Warrant Liabilities
Public and Private Common Stock Warrant Liabilities
As part of Galileo’s initial public offering, Galileo issued to third party investors 13,800,000 units, consisting of one ordinary share of Galileo and one warrant, at a price of $10.00 per unit. Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). Simultaneously with the closing of Galileo’s initial public offering, Galileo completed the private sale of 4,110,000 warrants to Galileo’s sponsor and EarlyBirdCapital, Inc. at a purchase price of $1.00 per warrant (the “Private Warrants”). In connection with the Business Combination, Galileo’s sponsor exercised its right to convert the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the
convertible promissory note issued by Galileo into an aggregate of 500,000 warrants (the "Sponsor Warrants"), with terms equivalent to the Private Warrants.
The Private Warrants were originally identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Warrants (i) will not be redeemable by the Company and (ii) may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis, so long as they are held by the initial purchaser or any of its permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by holders other than the initial purchasers or any of their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.
The Company evaluated the Public and Private Warrants under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASC 815-40”), and concluded that the Private Warrants do not meet the criteria to be classified in stockholders’ equity. Since the Private Warrants meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, the Company recorded these warrants as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss at each reporting date.
In December 2022, the Company and the holders of the Private Warrants entered into letter agreements, pursuant to which such holders agreed that the Private Warrants will be exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis and redeemable on the same terms and subject to the same conditions as the Public Warrants. See Note 12.
Research and Development Costs Research and Development CostsResearch and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related personnel expenses, fees paid to consultants and outside service providers, software and subscription services and allocations for rent and overhead.
Advertising AdvertisingAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Where applicable, the Company records a valuation allowance to reduce any deferred tax assets that it determines will not be realizable in the future.
The Company recognizes the benefit of an uncertain tax position that it has taken or expects to take on income tax returns it files if such tax position is more likely than not to be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. These tax benefits are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for uncertain tax positions (including interest and penalties), it can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company makes adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax accounting guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made, and could have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition and operating results. Carryforward attributes that were generated in tax years prior to those that remain open for examination may still be adjusted by relevant tax authorities upon examination if they either have been, or will be, used in a future period.
Income (Loss) per Share (Loss) Income per ShareIn accordance with the provisions of ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, net (loss) income per common share is computed by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net (loss) income per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period including stock options and warrants, using the treasury stock method, and convertible debt and convertible securities, using the if-converted method. During a loss period, the effect of the potential exercise of stock options and convertible debt are not considered in the diluted net (loss) income per share calculation since the effect would be anti-dilutive.
Segment Information
Segment Information
The Company reports in one segment, which focuses on providing additive manufacturing services to customers. The Company’s reportable segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM has been identified as its Chief Executive Officer.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company has evaluated recently issued accounting pronouncements and does not believe any will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or related financial statement disclosures.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
In October 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. This update requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods with those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the standard. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company early adopted this guidance on April 22, 2022, and has applied the guidance to business combinations entered into during fiscal 2022.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Accounting for Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires the use of an “expected loss” model on certain types of financial instruments. The standard also amends the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and requires estimated credit losses to be recorded as allowances instead of reductions to amortized cost of the securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements
Revenue from Contract with Customer
Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized throughout the life of the executed agreement. The Company measures revenue based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. Furthermore, the Company recognizes revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to the customer which could occur over time or at a point in time.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service to the customer. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when or as the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation. Customers typically receive the benefit of the Company’s services as (or when) they are performed. Substantially all customer contracts provide that compensation is received for services performed to date. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
Nature of Products and Services
The following is a description of the Company’s products and services from which the Company generates revenue, as well as the nature, timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, and significant payment terms for each:
Direct sales
The Company provides customers with an additive manufacturing service, allowing for the customer to select the specifications of the model which they wish to have printed. Shapeways prints the 3D model and ships the product directly to the customer.
The Company recognizes the sale of shop owner products through their e-commerce website over time using the output method. Contracts involving the sale of shop owner products through their e-commerce website do not include other performance obligations. As such, allocation of the transaction price was not necessary as the entire contract price is attributed to the sole performance obligation identified.
Marketplace sales
The Company provides a platform for shop owners to sell their products to customers through Shapeways’ marketplace website. Shapeways receives a 3.5% markup fee from the shop owner upon the sale of any products through the marketplace.
The Company handles the financial transaction, manufacturing, distribution and customer service on behalf of the shop owners. The Company is responsible for billing the customer in this arrangement and transmitting the applicable fees to the shop owner. The Company assessed whether it is responsible for providing the actual product or service as a principal, or
for arranging for the product or service to be provided by the third party as an agent. Judgment is applied to determine whether the Company is the principal or the agent by evaluating whether it has control of the product or service prior to it being transferred to the customer. The principal versus agent assessment is performed at the performance obligation level. Indicators that the Company has considered include whether it has the primary responsibility for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified product or service to the customer and whether it has inventory risk prior to transferring the product or service to the customer. The Company has the responsibility to fulfill the promise to provide the specific good or service on behalf of the shop owners to the customer. In addition, the Company has inventory risk before the specific good or service is transferred to a customer. As such, the Company is deemed the principal and shall recognize revenue on a gross basis for the price it charges to the shop owner for each product or service.
The Company recognizes the sale of 3D printed products to customers at a point in time, specifically upon shipping the goods to the customer (FOB Origin) given the transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership at that point in time. Contracts involving the manufacturing and delivery of 3D printed products to customers do not include other performance obligations. As such, allocation of the transaction price is not necessary as the entire contract price is attributed to the sole performance obligation identified.
Software revenue
The Company launched the first phase of its software offering under the brand "OTTO" in the fourth quarter of 2021. The software enables other manufacturers to leverage Shapeways’ existing end-to-end manufacturing software to scale their businesses and shift to digital manufacturing. Shapeways’ software offers improved customer accessibility, increased productivity, and expanded manufacturing capabilities for its customers. The Company expanded its software offering's customer base and feature set with the acquisition of MFG and MakerOS, both completed in April 2022. Software revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects the April 2022 acquisition of MFG.
For each of the performance obligations classified as software revenue, the performance obligations are satisfied evenly over the term of the contract. For contracts including performance obligations classified as software revenue, the Company identified that each performance obligation has an explicitly stated standalone selling price. As such, allocation is not necessary as the prices included in the contract are attributed to each separate performance obligation.